![]() The neural crest can be divided into five functional domains along the anterior–posterior axis that give rise to the cranial neural crest, cardiac neural crest, vagal neural crest, trunk neural crest and sacral crest. ĭuring the early phase of vertebrate development, NCCs migrate from the dorsal area of the hindbrain along predefined paths in the developing embryo to invade various tissues and organs, wherein they produce a variety of neural crest derivatives ( Fig. 1). Because NCCs are distributed among various organs, they are regarded as the fourth germ layer, thereby enhancing the complexity of the vertebrate body. Neural crest cells (NCCs) leave their original location in the dorsal neural tube and migrate to various organs according to their predetermined cell fate, and they can differentiate into neural and mesenchymal cell types. Neural crest-derived cells are incorporated into many parts of the vertebrate body in addition to the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. The neural crest was presumably first identified by Wilhelm His in 1868, and the evolutionary emergence of the neural crest is a characteristic of vertebrate embryos. The neural crest originates from the neural tube and gives rise to various bodily tissues, including nerves, glial cells, bones, cartilage, fat, and connective tissues. Here, we provide some examples that elucidate the pathophysiology of neurocristopathies using disease modeling via iPSCs.ġ. Neural crest development during embryogenesis ![]() It is now possible to address complicated questions regarding the pathogenetic mechanisms of neurocristopathies by characterizing cellular biological features and transcriptomes and by transplanting patient-derived NCCs in vivo. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, we developed an in vitro disease model of neurocristopathy by inducing the differentiation of patient-derived iPSCs into NCCs and/or neural crest derivatives. However, the precise control of human NCC development has not been elucidated in detail due to species differences. Studies on the neural crest have been carried out using animal models such as Xenopus, chicks, and mice. Defects related to NCCs can contribute to a broad spectrum of syndromes known as neurocristopathies. Neural crest cells (NCCs) can be divided into three functional groups: cranial NCCs, cardiac NCCs and trunk NCCs. The neural crest is said to be the fourth germ layer in addition to the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm because of its ability to differentiate into a variety of cells that contribute to the various tissues of the vertebrate body.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |